In the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War, US President George Bush Sr. and US Secretary of State James Baker organised, in collaboration with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Madrid Conference. It was attended by Israel, Syria, Lebanon and a joint Palestinian-Jordanian delegation. The opening of the three-day conference inaugurated two separate yet parallel negotiating tracks - the bilateral track (which are meant to resolve bilateral conflicts) and the multilateral track (which are intended to shape the future Middle East and build confidence among the regional parties). For the first time, Israel entered into direct, face-to-face negotiations with Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinians. Today's Middle East peace negotiations are carried out within the structure of the Madrid Framework.
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